syscalls(2) System Calls Manual syscalls(2)
NAME
syscalls - Linux system calls
SYNOPSIS
Linux system calls.
DESCRIPTION
The system call is the fundamental interface between an application and
the Linux kernel.
System calls and library wrapper functions
System calls are generally not invoked directly, but rather via wrapper
functions in glibc (or perhaps some other library). For details of di-
rect invocation of a system call, see intro(2). Often, but not always,
the name of the wrapper function is the same as the name of the system
call that it invokes. For example, glibc contains a function chdir()
which invokes the underlying "chdir" system call.
Often the glibc wrapper function is quite thin, doing little work other
than copying arguments to the right registers before invoking the system
call, and then setting errno appropriately after the system call has re-
turned. (These are the same steps that are performed by syscall(2),
which can be used to invoke system calls for which no wrapper function
is provided.) Note: system calls indicate a failure by returning a neg-
ative error number to the caller on architectures without a separate er-
ror register/flag, as noted in syscall(2); when this happens, the wrap-
per function negates the returned error number (to make it positive),
copies it to errno, and returns -1 to the caller of the wrapper.
Sometimes, however, the wrapper function does some extra work before in-
voking the system call. For example, nowadays there are (for reasons
described below) two related system calls, truncate(2) and trun-
cate64(2), and the glibc truncate() wrapper function checks which of
those system calls are provided by the kernel and determines which
should be employed.
System call list
Below is a list of the Linux system calls. In the list, the Kernel col-
umn indicates the kernel version for those system calls that were new in
Linux 2.2, or have appeared since that kernel version. Note the follow-
ing points:
• Where no kernel version is indicated, the system call appeared in
Linux 1.0 or earlier.
• Where a system call is marked "1.2" this means the system call proba-
bly appeared in a Linux 1.1.x kernel version, and first appeared in a
stable kernel with 1.2. (Development of the Linux 1.2 kernel was
initiated from a branch of Linux 1.0.6 via the Linux 1.1.x unstable
kernel series.)
• Where a system call is marked "2.0" this means the system call proba-
bly appeared in a Linux 1.3.x kernel version, and first appeared in a
stable kernel with Linux 2.0. (Development of the Linux 2.0 kernel
was initiated from a branch of Linux 1.2.x, somewhere around Linux
1.2.10, via the Linux 1.3.x unstable kernel series.)
• Where a system call is marked "2.2" this means the system call proba-
bly appeared in a Linux 2.1.x kernel version, and first appeared in a
stable kernel with Linux 2.2.0. (Development of the Linux 2.2 kernel
was initiated from a branch of Linux 2.0.21 via the Linux 2.1.x un-
stable kernel series.)
• Where a system call is marked "2.4" this means the system call proba-
bly appeared in a Linux 2.3.x kernel version, and first appeared in a
stable kernel with Linux 2.4.0. (Development of the Linux 2.4 kernel
was initiated from a branch of Linux 2.2.8 via the Linux 2.3.x unsta-
ble kernel series.)
• Where a system call is marked "2.6" this means the system call proba-
bly appeared in a Linux 2.5.x kernel version, and first appeared in a
stable kernel with Linux 2.6.0. (Development of Linux 2.6 was initi-
ated from a branch of Linux 2.4.15 via the Linux 2.5.x unstable ker-
nel series.)
• Starting with Linux 2.6.0, the development model changed, and new
system calls may appear in each Linux 2.6.x release. In this case,
the exact version number where the system call appeared is shown.
This convention continues with the Linux 3.x kernel series, which
followed on from Linux 2.6.39; and the Linux 4.x kernel series, which
followed on from Linux 3.19; and the Linux 5.x kernel series, which
followed on from Linux 4.20; and the Linux 6.x kernel series, which
followed on from Linux 5.19.
• In some cases, a system call was added to a stable kernel series af-
ter it branched from the previous stable kernel series, and then
backported into the earlier stable kernel series. For example some
system calls that appeared in Linux 2.6.x were also backported into a
Linux 2.4.x release after Linux 2.4.15. When this is so, the version
where the system call appeared in both of the major kernel series is
listed.
The list of system calls that are available as at Linux 5.14 (or in a
few cases only on older kernels) is as follows:
System call Kernel Notes
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
_llseek(2) 1.2
_newselect(2) 2.0
_sysctl(2) 2.0 Removed in 5.5
accept(2) 2.0 See notes on socketcall(2)
accept4(2) 2.6.28
access(2) 1.0
acct(2) 1.0
add_key(2) 2.6.10
adjtimex(2) 1.0
alarm(2) 1.0
alloc_hugepages(2) 2.5.36 Removed in 2.5.44
arc_gettls(2) 3.9 ARC only
arc_settls(2) 3.9 ARC only
arc_usr_cmpxchg(2) 4.9 ARC only
arch_prctl(2) 2.6 x86_64, x86 since 4.12
atomic_barrier(2) 2.6.34 m68k only
atomic_cmpxchg_32(2) 2.6.34 m68k only
bdflush(2) 1.2 Deprecated (does nothing)
since 2.6
bind(2) 2.0 See notes on socketcall(2)
bpf(2) 3.18
brk(2) 1.0
breakpoint(2) 2.2 ARM OABI only, defined with
__ARM_NR prefix
cacheflush(2) 1.2 Not on x86
capget(2) 2.2
capset(2) 2.2
chdir(2) 1.0
chmod(2) 1.0
chown(2) 2.2 See chown(2) for version
details
chown32(2) 2.4
chroot(2) 1.0
clock_adjtime(2) 2.6.39
clock_getres(2) 2.6
clock_gettime(2) 2.6
clock_nanosleep(2) 2.6
clock_settime(2) 2.6
clone2(2) 2.4 IA-64 only
clone(2) 1.0
clone3(2) 5.3
close(2) 1.0
close_range(2) 5.9
connect(2) 2.0 See notes on socketcall(2)
copy_file_range(2) 4.5
creat(2) 1.0
create_module(2) 1.0 Removed in 2.6
delete_module(2) 1.0
dup(2) 1.0
dup2(2) 1.0
dup3(2) 2.6.27
epoll_create(2) 2.6
epoll_create1(2) 2.6.27
epoll_ctl(2) 2.6
epoll_pwait(2) 2.6.19
epoll_pwait2(2) 5.11
epoll_wait(2) 2.6
eventfd(2) 2.6.22
eventfd2(2) 2.6.27
execv(2) 2.0 SPARC/SPARC64 only, for
compatibility with SunOS
execve(2) 1.0
execveat(2) 3.19
exit(2) 1.0
exit_group(2) 2.6
faccessat(2) 2.6.16
faccessat2(2) 5.8
fadvise64(2) 2.6
fadvise64_64(2) 2.6
fallocate(2) 2.6.23
fanotify_init(2) 2.6.37
fanotify_mark(2) 2.6.37
fchdir(2) 1.0
fchmod(2) 1.0
fchmodat(2) 2.6.16
fchown(2) 1.0
fchown32(2) 2.4
fchownat(2) 2.6.16
fcntl(2) 1.0
fcntl64(2) 2.4
fdatasync(2) 2.0
fgetxattr(2) 2.6; 2.4.18
finit_module(2) 3.8
flistxattr(2) 2.6; 2.4.18
flock(2) 2.0
fork(2) 1.0
free_hugepages(2) 2.5.36 Removed in 2.5.44
fremovexattr(2) 2.6; 2.4.18
fsconfig(2) 5.2
fsetxattr(2) 2.6; 2.4.18
fsmount(2) 5.2
fsopen(2) 5.2
fspick(2) 5.2
fstat(2) 1.0
fstat64(2) 2.4
fstatat64(2) 2.6.16
fstatfs(2) 1.0
fstatfs64(2) 2.6
fsync(2) 1.0
ftruncate(2) 1.0
ftruncate64(2) 2.4
futex(2) 2.6
futimesat(2) 2.6.16
get_kernel_syms(2) 1.0 Removed in 2.6
get_mempolicy(2) 2.6.6
get_robust_list(2) 2.6.17
get_thread_area(2) 2.6
get_tls(2) 4.15 ARM OABI only, has __ARM_NR
prefix
getcpu(2) 2.6.19
getcwd(2) 2.2
getdents(2) 2.0
getdents64(2) 2.4
getdomainname(2) 2.2 SPARC, SPARC64; available
as osf_getdomainname(2) on
Alpha since Linux 2.0
getdtablesize(2) 2.0 SPARC (removed in 2.6.26),
available on Alpha as
osf_getdtablesize(2)
getegid(2) 1.0
getegid32(2) 2.4
geteuid(2) 1.0
geteuid32(2) 2.4
getgid(2) 1.0
getgid32(2) 2.4
getgroups(2) 1.0
getgroups32(2) 2.4
gethostname(2) 2.0 Alpha, was available on
SPARC up to Linux 2.6.26
getitimer(2) 1.0
getpeername(2) 2.0 See notes on socketcall(2)
getpagesize(2) 2.0 Alpha, SPARC/SPARC64 only
getpgid(2) 1.0
getpgrp(2) 1.0
getpid(2) 1.0
getppid(2) 1.0
getpriority(2) 1.0
getrandom(2) 3.17
getresgid(2) 2.2
getresgid32(2) 2.4
getresuid(2) 2.2
getresuid32(2) 2.4
getrlimit(2) 1.0
getrusage(2) 1.0
getsid(2) 2.0
getsockname(2) 2.0 See notes on socketcall(2)
getsockopt(2) 2.0 See notes on socketcall(2)
gettid(2) 2.4.11
gettimeofday(2) 1.0
getuid(2) 1.0
getuid32(2) 2.4
getunwind(2) 2.4.8 IA-64 only; deprecated
getxattr(2) 2.6; 2.4.18
getxgid(2) 2.0 Alpha only; see NOTES
getxpid(2) 2.0 Alpha only; see NOTES
getxuid(2) 2.0 Alpha only; see NOTES
init_module(2) 1.0
inotify_add_watch(2) 2.6.13
inotify_init(2) 2.6.13
inotify_init1(2) 2.6.27
inotify_rm_watch(2) 2.6.13
io_cancel(2) 2.6
io_destroy(2) 2.6
io_getevents(2) 2.6
io_pgetevents(2) 4.18
io_setup(2) 2.6
io_submit(2) 2.6
io_uring_enter(2) 5.1
io_uring_register(2) 5.1
io_uring_setup(2) 5.1
ioctl(2) 1.0
ioperm(2) 1.0
iopl(2) 1.0
ioprio_get(2) 2.6.13
ioprio_set(2) 2.6.13
ipc(2) 1.0
kcmp(2) 3.5
kern_features(2) 3.7 SPARC64 only
kexec_file_load(2) 3.17
kexec_load(2) 2.6.13
keyctl(2) 2.6.10
kill(2) 1.0
landlock_add_rule(2) 5.13
landlock_create_ruleset(2) 5.13
landlock_restrict_self(2) 5.13
lchown(2) 1.0 See chown(2) for version
details
lchown32(2) 2.4
lgetxattr(2) 2.6; 2.4.18
link(2) 1.0
linkat(2) 2.6.16
listen(2) 2.0 See notes on socketcall(2)
listxattr(2) 2.6; 2.4.18
llistxattr(2) 2.6; 2.4.18
lookup_dcookie(2) 2.6
lremovexattr(2) 2.6; 2.4.18
lseek(2) 1.0
lsetxattr(2) 2.6; 2.4.18
lstat(2) 1.0
lstat64(2) 2.4
madvise(2) 2.4
mbind(2) 2.6.6
memory_ordering(2) 2.2 SPARC64 only
membarrier(2) 3.17
memfd_create(2) 3.17
memfd_secret(2) 5.14
migrate_pages(2) 2.6.16
mincore(2) 2.4
mkdir(2) 1.0
mkdirat(2) 2.6.16
mknod(2) 1.0
mknodat(2) 2.6.16
mlock(2) 2.0
mlock2(2) 4.4
mlockall(2) 2.0
mmap(2) 1.0
mmap2(2) 2.4
modify_ldt(2) 1.0
mount(2) 1.0
move_mount(2) 5.2
move_pages(2) 2.6.18
mprotect(2) 1.0
mq_getsetattr(2) 2.6.6
mq_notify(2) 2.6.6
mq_open(2) 2.6.6
mq_timedreceive(2) 2.6.6
mq_timedsend(2) 2.6.6
mq_unlink(2) 2.6.6
mremap(2) 2.0
msgctl(2) 2.0 See notes on ipc(2)
msgget(2) 2.0 See notes on ipc(2)
msgrcv(2) 2.0 See notes on ipc(2)
msgsnd(2) 2.0 See notes on ipc(2)
msync(2) 2.0
munlock(2) 2.0
munlockall(2) 2.0
munmap(2) 1.0
name_to_handle_at(2) 2.6.39
nanosleep(2) 2.0
newfstatat(2) 2.6.16 See stat(2)
nfsservctl(2) 2.2 Removed in 3.1
nice(2) 1.0
old_adjtimex(2) 2.0 Alpha only; see NOTES
old_getrlimit(2) 2.4 Old variant of getrlimit(2)
that used a different value
for RLIM_INFINITY
oldfstat(2) 1.0
oldlstat(2) 1.0
oldolduname(2) 1.0
oldstat(2) 1.0
oldumount(2) 2.4.116 Name of the old umount(2)
syscall on Alpha
olduname(2) 1.0
open(2) 1.0
open_by_handle_at(2) 2.6.39
open_tree(2) 5.2
openat(2) 2.6.16
openat2(2) 5.6
or1k_atomic(2) 3.1 OpenRISC 1000 only
pause(2) 1.0
pciconfig_iobase(2) 2.2.15; 2.4 Not on x86
pciconfig_read(2) 2.0.26; 2.2 Not on x86
pciconfig_write(2) 2.0.26; 2.2 Not on x86
perf_event_open(2) 2.6.31 Was perf_counter_open() in
2.6.31; renamed in 2.6.32
personality(2) 1.2
perfctr(2) 2.2 SPARC only; removed in
2.6.34
perfmonctl(2) 2.4 IA-64 only; removed in 5.10
pidfd_getfd(2) 5.6
pidfd_send_signal(2) 5.1
pidfd_open(2) 5.3
pipe(2) 1.0
pipe2(2) 2.6.27
pivot_root(2) 2.4
pkey_alloc(2) 4.8
pkey_free(2) 4.8
pkey_mprotect(2) 4.8
poll(2) 2.0.36; 2.2
ppoll(2) 2.6.16
prctl(2) 2.2
pread64(2) Added as "pread" in 2.2;
renamed "pread64" in 2.6
preadv(2) 2.6.30
preadv2(2) 4.6
prlimit64(2) 2.6.36
process_madvise(2) 5.10
process_vm_readv(2) 3.2
process_vm_writev(2) 3.2
pselect6(2) 2.6.16
ptrace(2) 1.0
pwrite64(2) Added as "pwrite" in 2.2;
renamed "pwrite64" in 2.6
pwritev(2) 2.6.30
pwritev2(2) 4.6
query_module(2) 2.2 Removed in 2.6
quotactl(2) 1.0
quotactl_fd(2) 5.14
read(2) 1.0
readahead(2) 2.4.13
readdir(2) 1.0
readlink(2) 1.0
readlinkat(2) 2.6.16
readv(2) 2.0
reboot(2) 1.0
recv(2) 2.0 See notes on socketcall(2)
recvfrom(2) 2.0 See notes on socketcall(2)
recvmsg(2) 2.0 See notes on socketcall(2)
recvmmsg(2) 2.6.33
remap_file_pages(2) 2.6 Deprecated since 3.16
removexattr(2) 2.6; 2.4.18
rename(2) 1.0
renameat(2) 2.6.16
renameat2(2) 3.15
request_key(2) 2.6.10
restart_syscall(2) 2.6
riscv_flush_icache(2) 4.15 RISC-V only
rmdir(2) 1.0
rseq(2) 4.18
rt_sigaction(2) 2.2
rt_sigpending(2) 2.2
rt_sigprocmask(2) 2.2
rt_sigqueueinfo(2) 2.2
rt_sigreturn(2) 2.2
rt_sigsuspend(2) 2.2
rt_sigtimedwait(2) 2.2
rt_tgsigqueueinfo(2) 2.6.31
rtas(2) 2.6.2 PowerPC/PowerPC64 only
s390_runtime_instr(2) 3.7 s390 only
s390_pci_mmio_read(2) 3.19 s390 only
s390_pci_mmio_write(2) 3.19 s390 only
s390_sthyi(2) 4.15 s390 only
s390_guarded_storage(2) 4.12 s390 only
sched_get_affinity(2) 2.6 Name of
sched_getaffinity(2) on
SPARC and SPARC64
sched_get_priority_max(2) 2.0
sched_get_priority_min(2) 2.0
sched_getaffinity(2) 2.6
sched_getattr(2) 3.14
sched_getparam(2) 2.0
sched_getscheduler(2) 2.0
sched_rr_get_interval(2) 2.0
sched_set_affinity(2) 2.6 Name of
sched_setaffinity(2) on
SPARC and SPARC64
sched_setaffinity(2) 2.6
sched_setattr(2) 3.14
sched_setparam(2) 2.0
sched_setscheduler(2) 2.0
sched_yield(2) 2.0
seccomp(2) 3.17
select(2) 1.0
semctl(2) 2.0 See notes on ipc(2)
semget(2) 2.0 See notes on ipc(2)
semop(2) 2.0 See notes on ipc(2)
semtimedop(2) 2.6; 2.4.22
send(2) 2.0 See notes on socketcall(2)
sendfile(2) 2.2
sendfile64(2) 2.6; 2.4.19
sendmmsg(2) 3.0
sendmsg(2) 2.0 See notes on socketcall(2)
sendto(2) 2.0 See notes on socketcall(2)
set_mempolicy(2) 2.6.6
set_robust_list(2) 2.6.17
set_thread_area(2) 2.6
set_tid_address(2) 2.6
set_tls(2) 2.6.11 ARM OABI/EABI only (con-
stant has __ARM_NR prefix)
setdomainname(2) 1.0
setfsgid(2) 1.2
setfsgid32(2) 2.4
setfsuid(2) 1.2
setfsuid32(2) 2.4
setgid(2) 1.0
setgid32(2) 2.4
setgroups(2) 1.0
setgroups32(2) 2.4
sethae(2) 2.0 Alpha only; see NOTES
sethostname(2) 1.0
setitimer(2) 1.0
setns(2) 3.0
setpgid(2) 1.0
setpgrp(2) 2.0 Alternative name for
setpgid(2) on Alpha
setpriority(2) 1.0
setregid(2) 1.0
setregid32(2) 2.4
setresgid(2) 2.2
setresgid32(2) 2.4
setresuid(2) 2.2
setresuid32(2) 2.4
setreuid(2) 1.0
setreuid32(2) 2.4
setrlimit(2) 1.0
setsid(2) 1.0
setsockopt(2) 2.0 See notes on socketcall(2)
settimeofday(2) 1.0
setuid(2) 1.0
setuid32(2) 2.4
setup(2) 1.0 Removed in 2.2
setxattr(2) 2.6; 2.4.18
sgetmask(2) 1.0
shmat(2) 2.0 See notes on ipc(2)
shmctl(2) 2.0 See notes on ipc(2)
shmdt(2) 2.0 See notes on ipc(2)
shmget(2) 2.0 See notes on ipc(2)
shutdown(2) 2.0 See notes on socketcall(2)
sigaction(2) 1.0
sigaltstack(2) 2.2
signal(2) 1.0
signalfd(2) 2.6.22
signalfd4(2) 2.6.27
sigpending(2) 1.0
sigprocmask(2) 1.0
sigreturn(2) 1.0
sigsuspend(2) 1.0
socket(2) 2.0 See notes on socketcall(2)
socketcall(2) 1.0
socketpair(2) 2.0 See notes on socketcall(2)
spill(2) 2.6.13 Xtensa only
splice(2) 2.6.17
spu_create(2) 2.6.16 PowerPC/PowerPC64 only
spu_run(2) 2.6.16 PowerPC/PowerPC64 only
ssetmask(2) 1.0
stat(2) 1.0
stat64(2) 2.4
statfs(2) 1.0
statfs64(2) 2.6
statx(2) 4.11
stime(2) 1.0
subpage_prot(2) 2.6.25 PowerPC/PowerPC64 only
swapcontext(2) 2.6.3 PowerPC/PowerPC64 only
switch_endian(2) 4.1 PowerPC64 only
swapoff(2) 1.0
swapon(2) 1.0
symlink(2) 1.0
symlinkat(2) 2.6.16
sync(2) 1.0
sync_file_range(2) 2.6.17
sync_file_range2(2) 2.6.22
syncfs(2) 2.6.39
sys_debug_setcontext(2) 2.6.11 PowerPC only
syscall(2) 1.0 Still available on ARM OABI
and MIPS O32 ABI
sysfs(2) 1.2
sysinfo(2) 1.0
syslog(2) 1.0
sysmips(2) 2.6.0 MIPS only
tee(2) 2.6.17
tgkill(2) 2.6
time(2) 1.0
timer_create(2) 2.6
timer_delete(2) 2.6
timer_getoverrun(2) 2.6
timer_gettime(2) 2.6
timer_settime(2) 2.6
timerfd_create(2) 2.6.25
timerfd_gettime(2) 2.6.25
timerfd_settime(2) 2.6.25
times(2) 1.0
tkill(2) 2.6; 2.4.22
truncate(2) 1.0
truncate64(2) 2.4
ugetrlimit(2) 2.4
umask(2) 1.0
umount(2) 1.0
umount2(2) 2.2
uname(2) 1.0
unlink(2) 1.0
unlinkat(2) 2.6.16
unshare(2) 2.6.16
uselib(2) 1.0
ustat(2) 1.0
userfaultfd(2) 4.3
usr26(2) 2.4.8.1 ARM OABI only
usr32(2) 2.4.8.1 ARM OABI only
utime(2) 1.0
utimensat(2) 2.6.22
utimes(2) 2.2
utrap_install(2) 2.2 SPARC64 only
vfork(2) 2.2
vhangup(2) 1.0
vm86old(2) 1.0 Was "vm86"; renamed in
2.0.28/2.2
vm86(2) 2.0.28; 2.2
vmsplice(2) 2.6.17
wait4(2) 1.0
waitid(2) 2.6.10
waitpid(2) 1.0
write(2) 1.0
writev(2) 2.0
xtensa(2) 2.6.13 Xtensa only
On many platforms, including x86-32, socket calls are all multiplexed
(via glibc wrapper functions) through socketcall(2) and similarly Sys-
tem V IPC calls are multiplexed through ipc(2).
Although slots are reserved for them in the system call table, the fol-
lowing system calls are not implemented in the standard kernel:
afs_syscall(2), break(2), ftime(2), getpmsg(2), gtty(2), idle(2),
lock(2), madvise1(2), mpx(2), phys(2), prof(2), profil(2), putpmsg(2),
security(2), stty(2), tuxcall(2), ulimit(2), and vserver(2) (see also
unimplemented(2)). However, ftime(3), profil(3), and ulimit(3) exist as
library routines. The slot for phys(2) is in use since Linux 2.1.116
for umount(2); phys(2) will never be implemented. The getpmsg(2) and
putpmsg(2) calls are for kernels patched to support STREAMS, and may
never be in the standard kernel.
There was briefly set_zone_reclaim(2), added in Linux 2.6.13, and re-
moved in Linux 2.6.16; this system call was never available to user
space.
System calls on removed ports
Some system calls only ever existed on Linux architectures that have
since been removed from the kernel:
AVR32 (port removed in Linux 4.12)
• pread(2)
• pwrite(2)
Blackfin (port removed in Linux 4.17)
• bfin_spinlock(2) (added in Linux 2.6.22)
• dma_memcpy(2) (added in Linux 2.6.22)
• pread(2) (added in Linux 2.6.22)
• pwrite(2) (added in Linux 2.6.22)
• sram_alloc(2) (added in Linux 2.6.22)
• sram_free(2) (added in Linux 2.6.22)
Metag (port removed in Linux 4.17)
• metag_get_tls(2) (add in Linux 3.9)
• metag_set_fpu_flags(2) (add in Linux 3.9)
• metag_set_tls(2) (add in Linux 3.9)
• metag_setglobalbit(2) (add in Linux 3.9)
Tile (port removed in Linux 4.17)
• cmpxchg_badaddr(2) (added in Linux 2.6.36)
NOTES
Roughly speaking, the code belonging to the system call with number
__NR_xxx defined in /usr/include/asm/unistd.h can be found in the Linux
kernel source in the routine sys_xxx(). There are many exceptions, how-
ever, mostly because older system calls were superseded by newer ones,
and this has been treated somewhat unsystematically. On platforms with
proprietary operating-system emulation, such as sparc, sparc64, and al-
pha, there are many additional system calls; mips64 also contains a full
set of 32-bit system calls.
Over time, changes to the interfaces of some system calls have been nec-
essary. One reason for such changes was the need to increase the size
of structures or scalar values passed to the system call. Because of
these changes, certain architectures (notably, longstanding 32-bit ar-
chitectures such as i386) now have various groups of related system
calls (e.g., truncate(2) and truncate64(2)) which perform similar tasks,
but which vary in details such as the size of their arguments. (As
noted earlier, applications are generally unaware of this: the glibc
wrapper functions do some work to ensure that the right system call is
invoked, and that ABI compatibility is preserved for old binaries.) Ex-
amples of system calls that exist in multiple versions are the follow-
ing:
• By now there are three different versions of stat(2): sys_stat()
(slot __NR_oldstat), sys_newstat() (slot __NR_stat), and sys_stat64()
(slot __NR_stat64), with the last being the most current. A similar
story applies for lstat(2) and fstat(2).
• Similarly, the defines __NR_oldolduname, __NR_olduname, and __NR_un-
ame refer to the routines sys_olduname(), sys_uname(), and sys_newu-
name().
• In Linux 2.0, a new version of vm86(2) appeared, with the old and the
new kernel routines being named sys_vm86old() and sys_vm86().
• In Linux 2.4, a new version of getrlimit(2) appeared, with the old
and the new kernel routines being named sys_old_getrlimit() (slot
__NR_getrlimit) and sys_getrlimit() (slot __NR_ugetrlimit).
• Linux 2.4 increased the size of user and group IDs from 16 to 32
bits. To support this change, a range of system calls were added
(e.g., chown32(2), getuid32(2), getgroups32(2), setresuid32(2)), su-
perseding earlier calls of the same name without the "32" suffix.
• Linux 2.4 added support for applications on 32-bit architectures to
access large files (i.e., files for which the sizes and file offsets
can't be represented in 32 bits.) To support this change, replace-
ments were required for system calls that deal with file offsets and
sizes. Thus the following system calls were added: fcntl64(2), get-
dents64(2), stat64(2), statfs64(2), truncate64(2), and their analogs
that work with file descriptors or symbolic links. These system
calls supersede the older system calls which, except in the case of
the "stat" calls, have the same name without the "64" suffix.
On newer platforms that only have 64-bit file access and 32-bit
UIDs/GIDs (e.g., alpha, ia64, s390x, x86-64), there is just a single
version of the UID/GID and file access system calls. On platforms
(typically, 32-bit platforms) where the *64 and *32 calls exist, the
other versions are obsolete.
• The rt_sig* calls were added in Linux 2.2 to support the addition of
real-time signals (see signal(7)). These system calls supersede the
older system calls of the same name without the "rt_" prefix.
• The select(2) and mmap(2) system calls use five or more arguments,
which caused problems in the way argument passing on the i386 used to
be set up. Thus, while other architectures have sys_select() and
sys_mmap() corresponding to __NR_select and __NR_mmap, on i386 one
finds old_select() and old_mmap() (routines that use a pointer to an
argument block) instead. These days passing five arguments is not a
problem any more, and there is a __NR__newselect that corresponds di-
rectly to sys_select() and similarly __NR_mmap2. s390x is the only
64-bit architecture that has old_mmap().
Architecture-specific details: Alpha
getxgid(2)
returns a pair of GID and effective GID via registers r0 and r20;
it is provided instead of getgid(2) and getegid(2).
getxpid(2)
returns a pair of PID and parent PID via registers r0 and r20; it
is provided instead of getpid(2) and getppid(2).
old_adjtimex(2)
is a variant of adjtimex(2) that uses struct timeval32, for com-
patibility with OSF/1.
getxuid(2)
returns a pair of GID and effective GID via registers r0 and r20;
it is provided instead of getuid(2) and geteuid(2).
sethae(2)
is used for configuring the Host Address Extension register on
low-cost Alphas in order to access address space beyond first 27
bits.
SEE ALSO
ausyscall(1), intro(2), syscall(2), unimplemented(2), errno(3), libc(7),
vdso(7)
Linux man-pages 6.9.1 2024-05-02 syscalls(2)
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