SELECT_TUT(2) System Calls Manual SELECT_TUT(2)
NAME
select, pselect - synchronous I/O multiplexing
LIBRARY
Standard C library (libc, -lc)
SYNOPSIS
See select(2)
DESCRIPTION
The select() and pselect() system calls are used to efficiently monitor
multiple file descriptors, to see if any of them is, or becomes,
"ready"; that is, to see whether I/O becomes possible, or an "excep-
tional condition" has occurred on any of the file descriptors.
This page provides background and tutorial information on the use of
these system calls. For details of the arguments and semantics of se-
lect() and pselect(), see select(2).
Combining signal and data events
pselect() is useful if you are waiting for a signal as well as for file
descriptor(s) to become ready for I/O. Programs that receive signals
normally use the signal handler only to raise a global flag. The global
flag will indicate that the event must be processed in the main loop of
the program. A signal will cause the select() (or pselect()) call to
return with errno set to EINTR. This behavior is essential so that sig-
nals can be processed in the main loop of the program, otherwise se-
lect() would block indefinitely.
Now, somewhere in the main loop will be a conditional to check the
global flag. So we must ask: what if a signal arrives after the condi-
tional, but before the select() call? The answer is that select() would
block indefinitely, even though an event is actually pending. This race
condition is solved by the pselect() call. This call can be used to set
the signal mask to a set of signals that are to be received only within
the pselect() call. For instance, let us say that the event in question
was the exit of a child process. Before the start of the main loop, we
would block SIGCHLD using sigprocmask(2). Our pselect() call would en-
able SIGCHLD by using an empty signal mask. Our program would look
like:
static volatile sig_atomic_t got_SIGCHLD = 0;
static void
child_sig_handler(int sig)
{
got_SIGCHLD = 1;
}
int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
sigset_t sigmask, empty_mask;
struct sigaction sa;
fd_set readfds, writefds, exceptfds;
int r;
sigemptyset(&sigmask);
sigaddset(&sigmask, SIGCHLD);
if (sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK, &sigmask, NULL) == -1) {
perror("sigprocmask");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
sa.sa_flags = 0;
sa.sa_handler = child_sig_handler;
sigemptyset(&sa.sa_mask);
if (sigaction(SIGCHLD, &sa, NULL) == -1) {
perror("sigaction");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
sigemptyset(&empty_mask);
for (;;) { /* main loop */
/* Initialize readfds, writefds, and exceptfds
before the pselect() call. (Code omitted.) */
r = pselect(nfds, &readfds, &writefds, &exceptfds,
NULL, &empty_mask);
if (r == -1 && errno != EINTR) {
/* Handle error */
}
if (got_SIGCHLD) {
got_SIGCHLD = 0;
/* Handle signalled event here; e.g., wait() for all
terminated children. (Code omitted.) */
}
/* main body of program */
}
}
Practical
So what is the point of select()? Can't I just read and write to my
file descriptors whenever I want? The point of select() is that it
watches multiple descriptors at the same time and properly puts the
process to sleep if there is no activity. UNIX programmers often find
themselves in a position where they have to handle I/O from more than
one file descriptor where the data flow may be intermittent. If you
were to merely create a sequence of read(2) and write(2) calls, you
would find that one of your calls may block waiting for data from/to a
file descriptor, while another file descriptor is unused though ready
for I/O. select() efficiently copes with this situation.
Select law
Many people who try to use select() come across behavior that is diffi-
cult to understand and produces nonportable or borderline results. For
instance, the above program is carefully written not to block at any
point, even though it does not set its file descriptors to nonblocking
mode. It is easy to introduce subtle errors that will remove the advan-
tage of using select(), so here is a list of essentials to watch for
when using select().
1. You should always try to use select() without a timeout. Your pro-
gram should have nothing to do if there is no data available. Code
that depends on timeouts is not usually portable and is difficult to
debug.
2. The value nfds must be properly calculated for efficiency as ex-
plained above.
3. No file descriptor must be added to any set if you do not intend to
check its result after the select() call, and respond appropriately.
See next rule.
4. After select() returns, all file descriptors in all sets should be
checked to see if they are ready.
5. The functions read(2), recv(2), write(2), and send(2) do not neces-
sarily read/write the full amount of data that you have requested.
If they do read/write the full amount, it's because you have a low
traffic load and a fast stream. This is not always going to be the
case. You should cope with the case of your functions managing to
send or receive only a single byte.
6. Never read/write only in single bytes at a time unless you are re-
ally sure that you have a small amount of data to process. It is
extremely inefficient not to read/write as much data as you can
buffer each time. The buffers in the example below are 1024 bytes
although they could easily be made larger.
7. Calls to read(2), recv(2), write(2), send(2), and select() can fail
with the error EINTR, and calls to read(2), recv(2), write(2), and
send(2) can fail with errno set to EAGAIN (EWOULDBLOCK). These re-
sults must be properly managed (not done properly above). If your
program is not going to receive any signals, then it is unlikely you
will get EINTR. If your program does not set nonblocking I/O, you
will not get EAGAIN.
8. Never call read(2), recv(2), write(2), or send(2) with a buffer
length of zero.
9. If the functions read(2), recv(2), write(2), and send(2) fail with
errors other than those listed in 7., or one of the input functions
returns 0, indicating end of file, then you should not pass that
file descriptor to select() again. In the example below, I close
the file descriptor immediately, and then set it to -1 to prevent it
being included in a set.
10. The timeout value must be initialized with each new call to se-
lect(), since some operating systems modify the structure. pse-
lect() however does not modify its timeout structure.
11. Since select() modifies its file descriptor sets, if the call is be-
ing used in a loop, then the sets must be reinitialized before each
call.
RETURN VALUE
See select(2).
NOTES
Generally speaking, all operating systems that support sockets also sup-
port select(). select() can be used to solve many problems in a
portable and efficient way that naive programmers try to solve in a more
complicated manner using threads, forking, IPCs, signals, memory shar-
ing, and so on.
The poll(2) system call has the same functionality as select(), and is
somewhat more efficient when monitoring sparse file descriptor sets. It
is nowadays widely available, but historically was less portable than
select().
The Linux-specific epoll(7) API provides an interface that is more effi-
cient than select(2) and poll(2) when monitoring large numbers of file
descriptors.
EXAMPLES
Here is an example that better demonstrates the true utility of se-
lect(). The listing below is a TCP forwarding program that forwards
from one TCP port to another.
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/select.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>
static int forward_port;
#undef max
#define max(x, y) ((x) > (y) ? (x) : (y))
static int
listen_socket(int listen_port)
{
int lfd;
int yes;
struct sockaddr_in addr;
lfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
if (lfd == -1) {
perror("socket");
return -1;
}
yes = 1;
if (setsockopt(lfd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR,
&yes, sizeof(yes)) == -1)
{
perror("setsockopt");
close(lfd);
return -1;
}
memset(&addr, 0, sizeof(addr));
addr.sin_port = htons(listen_port);
addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
if (bind(lfd, (struct sockaddr *) &addr, sizeof(addr)) == -1) {
perror("bind");
close(lfd);
return -1;
}
printf("accepting connections on port %d\n", listen_port);
listen(lfd, 10);
return lfd;
}
static int
connect_socket(int connect_port, char *address)
{
int cfd;
struct sockaddr_in addr;
cfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
if (cfd == -1) {
perror("socket");
return -1;
}
memset(&addr, 0, sizeof(addr));
addr.sin_port = htons(connect_port);
addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
if (!inet_aton(address, (struct in_addr *) &addr.sin_addr.s_addr)) {
fprintf(stderr, "inet_aton(): bad IP address format\n");
close(cfd);
return -1;
}
if (connect(cfd, (struct sockaddr *) &addr, sizeof(addr)) == -1) {
perror("connect()");
shutdown(cfd, SHUT_RDWR);
close(cfd);
return -1;
}
return cfd;
}
#define SHUT_FD1 do { \
if (fd1 >= 0) { \
shutdown(fd1, SHUT_RDWR); \
close(fd1); \
fd1 = -1; \
} \
} while (0)
#define SHUT_FD2 do { \
if (fd2 >= 0) { \
shutdown(fd2, SHUT_RDWR); \
close(fd2); \
fd2 = -1; \
} \
} while (0)
#define BUF_SIZE 1024
int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int h;
int ready, nfds;
int fd1 = -1, fd2 = -1;
int buf1_avail = 0, buf1_written = 0;
int buf2_avail = 0, buf2_written = 0;
char buf1[BUF_SIZE], buf2[BUF_SIZE];
fd_set readfds, writefds, exceptfds;
ssize_t nbytes;
if (argc != 4) {
fprintf(stderr, "Usage\n\tfwd <listen-port> "
"<forward-to-port> <forward-to-ip-address>\n");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
signal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
forward_port = atoi(argv[2]);
h = listen_socket(atoi(argv[1]));
if (h == -1)
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
for (;;) {
nfds = 0;
FD_ZERO(&readfds);
FD_ZERO(&writefds);
FD_ZERO(&exceptfds);
FD_SET(h, &readfds);
nfds = max(nfds, h);
if (fd1 > 0 && buf1_avail < BUF_SIZE)
FD_SET(fd1, &readfds);
/* Note: nfds is updated below, when fd1 is added to
exceptfds. */
if (fd2 > 0 && buf2_avail < BUF_SIZE)
FD_SET(fd2, &readfds);
if (fd1 > 0 && buf2_avail - buf2_written > 0)
FD_SET(fd1, &writefds);
if (fd2 > 0 && buf1_avail - buf1_written > 0)
FD_SET(fd2, &writefds);
if (fd1 > 0) {
FD_SET(fd1, &exceptfds);
nfds = max(nfds, fd1);
}
if (fd2 > 0) {
FD_SET(fd2, &exceptfds);
nfds = max(nfds, fd2);
}
ready = select(nfds + 1, &readfds, &writefds, &exceptfds, NULL);
if (ready == -1 && errno == EINTR)
continue;
if (ready == -1) {
perror("select()");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
if (FD_ISSET(h, &readfds)) {
socklen_t addrlen;
struct sockaddr_in client_addr;
int fd;
addrlen = sizeof(client_addr);
memset(&client_addr, 0, addrlen);
fd = accept(h, (struct sockaddr *) &client_addr, &addrlen);
if (fd == -1) {
perror("accept()");
} else {
SHUT_FD1;
SHUT_FD2;
buf1_avail = buf1_written = 0;
buf2_avail = buf2_written = 0;
fd1 = fd;
fd2 = connect_socket(forward_port, argv[3]);
if (fd2 == -1)
SHUT_FD1;
else
printf("connect from %s\n",
inet_ntoa(client_addr.sin_addr));
/* Skip any events on the old, closed file
descriptors. */
continue;
}
}
/* NB: read OOB data before normal reads. */
if (fd1 > 0 && FD_ISSET(fd1, &exceptfds)) {
char c;
nbytes = recv(fd1, &c, 1, MSG_OOB);
if (nbytes < 1)
SHUT_FD1;
else
send(fd2, &c, 1, MSG_OOB);
}
if (fd2 > 0 && FD_ISSET(fd2, &exceptfds)) {
char c;
nbytes = recv(fd2, &c, 1, MSG_OOB);
if (nbytes < 1)
SHUT_FD2;
else
send(fd1, &c, 1, MSG_OOB);
}
if (fd1 > 0 && FD_ISSET(fd1, &readfds)) {
nbytes = read(fd1, buf1 + buf1_avail,
BUF_SIZE - buf1_avail);
if (nbytes < 1)
SHUT_FD1;
else
buf1_avail += nbytes;
}
if (fd2 > 0 && FD_ISSET(fd2, &readfds)) {
nbytes = read(fd2, buf2 + buf2_avail,
BUF_SIZE - buf2_avail);
if (nbytes < 1)
SHUT_FD2;
else
buf2_avail += nbytes;
}
if (fd1 > 0 && FD_ISSET(fd1, &writefds) && buf2_avail > 0) {
nbytes = write(fd1, buf2 + buf2_written,
buf2_avail - buf2_written);
if (nbytes < 1)
SHUT_FD1;
else
buf2_written += nbytes;
}
if (fd2 > 0 && FD_ISSET(fd2, &writefds) && buf1_avail > 0) {
nbytes = write(fd2, buf1 + buf1_written,
buf1_avail - buf1_written);
if (nbytes < 1)
SHUT_FD2;
else
buf1_written += nbytes;
}
/* Check if write data has caught read data. */
if (buf1_written == buf1_avail)
buf1_written = buf1_avail = 0;
if (buf2_written == buf2_avail)
buf2_written = buf2_avail = 0;
/* One side has closed the connection, keep
writing to the other side until empty. */
if (fd1 < 0 && buf1_avail - buf1_written == 0)
SHUT_FD2;
if (fd2 < 0 && buf2_avail - buf2_written == 0)
SHUT_FD1;
}
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
The above program properly forwards most kinds of TCP connections in-
cluding OOB signal data transmitted by telnet servers. It handles the
tricky problem of having data flow in both directions simultaneously.
You might think it more efficient to use a fork(2) call and devote a
thread to each stream. This becomes more tricky than you might suspect.
Another idea is to set nonblocking I/O using fcntl(2). This also has
its problems because you end up using inefficient timeouts.
The program does not handle more than one simultaneous connection at a
time, although it could easily be extended to do this with a linked list
of buffers—one for each connection. At the moment, new connections
cause the current connection to be dropped.
SEE ALSO
accept(2), connect(2), poll(2), read(2), recv(2), select(2), send(2),
sigprocmask(2), write(2), epoll(7)
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