dpkg-deb(1) dpkg suite dpkg-deb(1)
NAME
dpkg-deb - Debian package archive (.deb) manipulation tool
SYNOPSIS
dpkg-deb [option...] command
DESCRIPTION
dpkg-deb packs, unpacks and provides information about Debian archives.
Use dpkg to install and remove packages from your system.
You can also invoke dpkg-deb by calling dpkg with whatever options you
want to pass to dpkg-deb. dpkg will spot that you wanted dpkg-deb and
run it for you.
For most commands taking an input archive argument, the archive can be
read from standard input if the archive name is given as a single minus
character («-»); otherwise lack of support will be documented in their
respective command description.
COMMANDS
-b, --build binary-directory [archive|directory]
Creates a debian archive from the filesystem tree stored in binary-
directory. binary-directory must have a DEBIAN subdirectory, which
contains the control information files such as the control file
itself. This directory will not appear in the binary package's
filesystem archive, but instead the files in it will be put in the
binary package's control information area.
Unless you specify --no-check, dpkg-deb will read DEBIAN/control and
parse it. It will check the file for syntax errors and other
problems, and display the name of the binary package being built.
dpkg-deb will also check the permissions of the maintainer scripts
and other files found in the DEBIAN control information directory.
If no archive is specified then dpkg-deb will write the package into
the file binary-directory.deb.
If the archive to be created already exists it will be overwritten.
If the second argument is a directory then dpkg-deb will write to
the file directory/package_version_arch.deb. When a target
directory is specified, rather than a file, the --no-check option
may not be used (since dpkg-deb needs to read and parse the package
control file to determine which filename to use).
-I, --info archive [control-file-name...]
Provides information about a binary package archive.
If no control-file-names are specified then it will print a summary
of the contents of the package as well as its control file.
If any control-file-names are specified then dpkg-deb will print
them in the order they were specified; if any of the components
weren't present it will print an error message to stderr about each
one and exit with status 2.
-W, --show archive
Provides information about a binary package archive in the format
specified by the --showformat argument. The default format displays
the package's name and version on one line, separated by a
tabulator.
-f, --field archive [control-field-name...]
Extracts control file information from a binary package archive.
If no control-field-names are specified then it will print the whole
control file.
If any are specified then dpkg-deb will print their contents, in the
order in which they appear in the control file. If more than one
control-field-name is specified then dpkg-deb will precede each with
its field name (and a colon and space).
No errors are reported for fields requested but not found.
-c, --contents archive
Lists the contents of the filesystem tree archive portion of the
package archive. It is currently produced in the format generated
by tar's verbose listing.
-x, --extract archive directory
Extracts the filesystem tree from a package archive into the
specified directory.
Note that extracting a package to the root directory will not result
in a correct installation! Use dpkg to install packages.
directory (but not its parents) will be created if necessary, and
its permissions modified to match the contents of the package.
-X, --vextract archive directory
Is like --extract (-x) with --verbose (-v) which prints a listing of
the files extracted as it goes.
-R, --raw-extract archive directory
Extracts the filesystem tree from a package archive into a specified
directory, and the control information files into a DEBIAN
subdirectory of the specified directory (since dpkg 1.16.1).
The target directory (but not its parents) will be created if
necessary.
The input archive is not (currently) processed sequentially, so
reading it from standard input («-») is not supported.
--ctrl-tarfile archive
Extracts the control data from a binary package and sends it to
standard output in tar format (since dpkg 1.17.14). Together with
tar(1) this can be used to extract a particular control file from a
package archive. The input archive will always be processed
sequentially.
--fsys-tarfile archive
Extracts the filesystem tree data from a binary package and sends it
to standard output in tar format. Together with tar(1) this can be
used to extract a particular file from a package archive. The input
archive will always be processed sequentially.
-e, --control archive [directory]
Extracts the control information files from a package archive into
the specified directory.
If no directory is specified then a subdirectory DEBIAN in the
current directory is used.
The target directory (but not its parents) will be created if
necessary.
-?, --help
Show the usage message and exit.
--version
Show the version and exit.
OPTIONS
--showformat=format
This option is used to specify the format of the output --show will
produce. The format is a string that will be output for each
package listed.
The string may reference any status field using the “${field-name}”
form, a list of the valid fields can be easily produced using -I on
the same package. A complete explanation of the formatting options
(including escape sequences and field tabbing) can be found in the
explanation of the --showformat option in dpkg-query(1).
The default for this field is “${Package}\t${Version}\n”.
-z, --compression-level=compress-level
Specify which compression level to use on the compressor backend,
when building a package (default is 9 for gzip, 6 for xz, 3 for
zstd; long option since dpkg 1.22.9). The accepted values are
compressor specific. For gzip, from 0-9 with 0 being mapped to
compressor none. For xz from 0-9. For zstd from 0-22, with levels
from 20 to 22 enabling its ultra mode. Before dpkg 1.16.2 level 0
was equivalent to compressor none for all compressors.
-S, --compression-strategy=compress-strategy
Specify which compression strategy to use on the compressor backend,
when building a package (since dpkg 1.16.2, long option since dpkg
1.22.9). Allowed values are none (since dpkg 1.16.4), filtered,
huffman, rle and fixed for gzip (since dpkg 1.17.0) and extreme for
xz.
-Z, --compression=compress-type
Specify which compression type to use when building a package (long
option since dpkg 1.22.9). Allowed values are gzip, xz (since dpkg
1.15.6), zstd (since dpkg 1.21.18) and none (default is xz).
--[no-]uniform-compression
Specify that the same compression parameters should be used for all
archive members (i.e. control.tar and data.tar; since dpkg 1.17.6).
Otherwise only the data.tar member will use those parameters. The
only supported compression types allowed to be uniformly used are
none, gzip, xz and zstd. The --no-uniform-compression option
disables uniform compression (since dpkg 1.19.0). Uniform
compression is the default (since dpkg 1.19.0).
--threads-max=threads
Sets the maximum number of threads allowed for compressors that
support multi-threaded operations (since dpkg 1.21.9).
--root-owner-group
Set the owner and group for each entry in the filesystem tree data
to root with id 0 (since dpkg 1.19.0).
Note: This option can be useful for rootless builds (see
rootless-builds.txt), but should not be used when the entries have
an owner or group that is not root. Support for these will be added
later in the form of a meta manifest.
--deb-format=format
Set the archive format version used when building (since dpkg
1.17.0). Allowed values are 2.0 for the new format, and 0.939000
for the old one (default is 2.0).
The old archive format is less easily parsed by non-Debian tools and
is now obsolete; its only use is when building packages to be parsed
by versions of dpkg older than 0.93.76 (September 1995), which was
released as i386 a.out only.
--no-check
Inhibits dpkg-deb --build's usual checks on the proposed contents of
an archive. You can build any archive you want, no matter how
broken, this way.
Option supported since dpkg 1.22.12.
--nocheck
This is an alias for --no-check.
-v, --verbose
Enables verbose output (since dpkg 1.16.1). This currently only
affects --extract making it behave like --vextract.
-D, --debug
Enables debugging output. This is not very interesting.
EXIT STATUS
0 The requested action was successfully performed.
2 Fatal or unrecoverable error due to invalid command-line usage, or
interactions with the system, such as accesses to the database,
memory allocations, etc.
ENVIRONMENT
DPKG_DEB_THREADS_MAX
Sets the maximum number of threads allowed for compressors that
support multi-threaded operations (since dpkg 1.21.9).
The --threads-max option overrides this value.
DPKG_DEB_COMPRESSOR_TYPE
Sets the compressor type to use (since dpkg 1.21.10).
The -Z option overrides this value.
DPKG_DEB_COMPRESSOR_LEVEL
Sets the compressor level to use (since dpkg 1.21.10).
The -z option overrides this value.
DPKG_COLORS
Sets the color mode (since dpkg 1.18.5). The currently accepted
values are: auto (default), always and never.
DPKG_NLS
If set, it will be used to decide whether to activate Native
Language Support, also known as internationalization (or i18n)
support (since dpkg 1.22.7). The accepted values are: 0 and 1
(default).
DPKG_PATH_PASSWD
Sets the pathname for the system passwd file. This path is relative
to the --root directory. The default is /etc/passwd.
Since dpkg 1.22.16.
DPKG_PATH_GROUP
Sets the pathname for the system group file. This path is relative
to the --root directory. The default is /etc/group.
Since dpkg 1.22.16.
TMPDIR
If set, dpkg-deb will use it as the directory in which to create
temporary files and directories.
SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH
If set, it will be used as the timestamp (as seconds since the
epoch) in the deb(5)'s ar(5) container and used to clamp the mtime
in the tar(5) file entries.
Since dpkg 1.18.8.
NOTES
Do not attempt to use just dpkg-deb to install software! You must use
dpkg proper to ensure that all the files are correctly placed and the
package's scripts run and its status and contents recorded.
SECURITY
Examining untrusted package archives or extracting them into staging
directories should be considered a security boundary, and any breakage
of that boundary stemming from these operations should be considered a
security vulnerability. But handling untrusted package archives should
not be done lightly, as the surface area includes any compression
library supported, in addition to the archive formats and control files
themselves. Performing these operations over untrusted data as root is
strongly discouraged.
Building package archives should only be performed over trusted data.
BUGS
dpkg-deb -I package1.deb package2.deb does the wrong thing.
There is no authentication on .deb files; in fact, there isn't even a
straightforward checksum. (Higher level tools like APT support
authenticating .deb packages retrieved from a given repository, and most
packages nowadays provide an md5sum control file generated by
debian/rules. Though this is not directly supported by the lower level
tools.)
SEE ALSO
/usr/share/doc/dpkg/spec/rootless-builds.txt, deb(5), deb-control(5),
dpkg(1), dselect(1).
1.22.21 2025-06-30 dpkg-deb(1)
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