Xsession(5) File Formats Manual Xsession(5)
NAME
Xsession - initialize X session
SYNOPSIS
Xsession [ session-type ]
DESCRIPTION
/etc/X11/Xsession is a Bourne shell (sh(1)) script which is run when an
X Window System session is begun by startx(1) or a display manager such
as xdm(1). (Some display managers only invoke Xsession when specifi-
cally directed to so by the user; see the documentation for your display
manager to find out more.) Administrators unfamiliar with the Bourne
shell will likely find the Xsession.options(5) configuration file easier
to deal with than Xsession itself.
Xsession is not intended to be invoked directly by the user; to be ef-
fective it needs to run in a special environment associated with X
server initialization. startx, xdm, xinit(1), and other similar pro-
grams handle this.
By default on a Debian system, Xsession is used by both common methods
of starting the X Window System, xdm (or another X display manager) and
startx. To change this for xdm, edit the ‘DisplayManager*session’ re-
source in the /etc/X11/xdm/xdm-config file — for other display managers,
consult their documentation. To stop startx from using Xsession by de-
fault, replace the contents of the /etc/X11/xinit/xinitrc file.
The Xsession script is quite flexible, and extensive customization of
the X startup procedure is possible without modifying the script itself.
See “CUSTOMIZING THE STARTUP PROCEDURE” below.
SESSION TYPES
Xsession may optionally be passed a single argument indicating the type
of X session to be started. It is up to the display manager to set the
argument. To pass Xsession an argument from startx or xinit,
/etc/X11/Xsession (or /etc/X11/xinit/xinitrc) must be called explicitly
with a path, as in startx /etc/X11/Xsession failsafe. By default, three
different arguments are supported:
failsafe
invokes a session consisting solely of an x-terminal-emulator(1)
(no window manager is launched). If the x-terminal-emulator pro-
gram cannot be found, the session exits. The ‘failsafe’ argument
is ignored if there is no ‘allow-failsafe’ line in Xsession.op-
tions.
default
produces the same behavior as if no session type argument had
been given at all.
program
starts program if it can be found in the $PATH. This is usually
a session manager or a very featureful window manager. If pro-
gram is not found, the Xsession script proceeds with its default
behavior. This argument is ignored if there is no ‘al-
low-user-xsession’ line in Xsession.options. (If the administra-
tor does not want users writing their own .xsession files, it
makes little sense to permit them to specify the names of arbi-
trary programs to run.) Note that the restriction may be easy to
bypass, e.g. by using a .gnomerc file instead.
DEFAULT STARTUP PROCEDURE
Initially, Xsession performs some housekeeping. It declares a set of
built-in functions (see “BUILT-IN SHELL FUNCTIONS” below) and variables,
then attempts to create a log file for the X session, or append to an
existing one. Historically this is called an ‘error’ file, but it
catches all sorts of diagnostic output from various X clients run in the
user's session, not just error messages. If it is impossible to write
to an error file, the script (and thus the X session) aborts. For con-
venience, once the error file is successfully opened, Xsession reports
the fact that the session has started, the invoking username, and the
date to the error file. This makes it easier to discern which X session
produced a particular line of output in the file.
Xsession next confirms that its script directory, Xsession.d, exists.
If it does not, the script aborts. After the script directory is con-
firmed to be present, Xsession uses run-parts(1) to identify files in
that directory that should be sourced (executed) in the shell's environ-
ment. Only files named in a certain way are sourced; see the run-parts
manual page for a description of valid characters in the filename.
(This restriction enables the administrator to move experimental or
problematic files out of the way of the script but keep them in an obvi-
ous place, for instance by renaming them with ‘.old’ or ‘.broken’ ap-
pended to the filename.)
SUPPLIED SCRIPTS
Five shell script portions are supplied by default to handle the details
of the session startup procedure.
/etc/X11/Xsession.d/20x11-common_process-args
Arguments are processed as described in “SESSION TYPES” above.
The startup program, if one is identified at this point, is
merely stored for later reference, and not immediately executed.
/etc/X11/Xsession.d/30x11-common_xresources
X resources are merged. run-parts is again used, this time to
identify files in the /etc/X11/Xresources directory that should
be processed with ‘xrdb -merge’. Next, if the line ‘al-
low-user-resources’ is present in Xsession.options, the user's
$HOME/.Xresources file is merged in the same way.
/etc/X11/Xsession.d/35x11-common_xhost-local
Give access to the X server to the same user on the local host.
If the xhost command is available, it will use it to allow any
process of the same user running on the local host to access the
X server.
/etc/X11/Xsession.d/40x11-common_xsessionrc
Source global environment variables. This script will source
anything in $HOME/.xsessionrc if the file is present. This allows
the user to set global environment variables for their X session,
such as locale information.
/etc/X11/Xsession.d/50x11-common_determine-startup
Determine startup program. The X client to launch as the con-
trolling process (the one that, upon exiting, causes the X server
to exit as well) is determined next. If a program or failsafe
argument was given and is allowed (see above), it is used as the
controlling process. Otherwise, if the line ‘allow-user-xses-
sion’ is present in Xsession.options, a user-specified session
program or script is used. In the latter case, two historically
popular names for user X session scripts are searched for:
$HOME/.xsession and $HOME/.Xsession (note the difference in
case). The first one found is used. If the script is not exe-
cutable, it is marked to be executed with the Bourne shell inter-
preter, sh. Finally, if none of the above succeeds, the follow-
ing programs are searched for: /usr/bin/x-session-manager,
/usr/bin/x-window-manager, and /usr/bin/x-terminal-emulator. The
first one found is used. If none are found, Xsession aborts with
an error.
/etc/X11/Xsession.d/90x11-common_ssh-agent
Start ssh-agent(1), if needed. If the line ‘use-ssh-agent’ is
present in Xsession.options, and no SSH agent process appears to
be running already, ssh-agent is marked to be used to execute the
startup program determined previously. Note: this functionality
may move to the ssh package in the future.
/etc/X11/Xsession.d/99x11-common_start
Start the X session. The startup program is executed, inside a
Bourne shell if it is not executable, and inside an ssh-agent if
necessary. The shell's exec command is used to spare a slot in
the process table.
CUSTOMIZING THE STARTUP PROCEDURE
Of course, any of the existing files can be edited in place.
Because the order in which the various scripts in /etc/X11/Xsession.d
are executed is important, files to be added to this directory should
have a well-formed name. The following format is recommended:
* a two-digit number denoting sequence;
* the name of the package providing the script (or ‘custom’ for lo-
cally-created scripts);
* an underscore;
* a description of the script's basic function, using only characters
allowed by run-parts.
Here is an example of how one might write a script, named 40cus-
tom_load-xmodmap, to invoke xmodmap(1):
SYSMODMAP="/etc/X11/Xmodmap"
USRMODMAP="$HOME/.Xmodmap"
if [ -x /usr/bin/X11/xmodmap ]; then
if [ -f "$SYSMODMAP" ]; then
xmodmap "$SYSMODMAP"
fi
fi
if [ -x /usr/bin/X11/xmodmap ]; then
if [ -f "$USRMODMAP" ]; then
xmodmap "$USRMODMAP"
fi
fi
Those writing scripts for Xsession to execute should avail themselves of
its built-in shell functions, described below.
BUILT-IN SHELL FUNCTIONS
message is used for communicating with the user. It is a wrapper for
the echo(1) command and relies upon echo for its argument processing.
This function may be given an arbitrarily long message string, which is
formatted to the user's terminal width (breaking lines at whitespace)
and sent to standard error. If the DISPLAY environment variable is set
and the xmessage(1) program is available, xmessage is also used to dis-
play the message.
message_nonl is used for communicating with the user when a trailing
newline is undesirable; it omits a trailing newline from the message
text. It otherwise works as message.
errormsg is used for indicating an error condition and aborting the
script. It works as message, above, except that after displaying the
message, it will exit Xsession with status 1.
ENVIRONMENT
The following environment variables affect the execution of Xsession:
HOME specifies the user's home directory; various files are searched
for here.
TMPDIR names a default directory for temporary files; if the standard X
session error file cannot be opened, this variable is used to lo-
cate a place for one.
COLUMNS
indicates the width of terminal device in character cells. This
value is used for formatting diagnostic messages.
INPUT FILES
/etc/X11/Xsession.d/
is a directory containing Bourne shell scripts to be executed by
Xsession. Files in this directory are matched using run-parts
and are sourced, not executed in a subshell.
/etc/X11/Xresources/
is a directory containing files corresponding to Debian package
names, each of which contains system-wide X resource settings for
X clients from the corresponding package. The settings are
loaded with xrdb -merge. Files in this directory are matched us-
ing run-parts.
/etc/X11/Xsession.options
contains configuration options for the /etc/X11/Xsession script.
See Xsession.options(5) for more information.
$HOME/.Xresources
contains X resources specific to the invoking user's environment.
The settings are loaded with xrdb -merge. Note that $HOME/.Xde-
faults is a relic from X Version 10 (and X11R1) days, before
app-defaults files were implemented. It has been deprecated for
over ten years at the time of this writing. .Xresources should
be used instead.
$HOME/.xsession
is a sequence of commands invoking X clients (or a session man-
ager such as xsm(1)). See the manual page for xinit for tips on
writing an .xsession file.
OUTPUT FILES
$HOME/.xsession-errors
is where standard output and standard error for Xsession script
and all X client processes are directed by default.
$TMPDIR/filename
is where the X session error file is placed if $HOME/.xses-
sion-errors cannot be opened. For security reasons, the exact
filename is randomly generated by tempfile(1).
AUTHORS
Stephen Early, Mark Eichin, and Branden Robinson developed Debian's X
session handling scripts. Branden Robinson wrote this manual page.
SEE ALSO
Xsession.options(5), X(7), run-parts(1), ssh-agent(1), startx(1), temp-
file(1), xdm(1), xmessage(1), xmodmap(1), xrdb(1), sh(1)
Debian Project 2004-11-04 Xsession(5)
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