HTTP::Headers(3pm) User Contributed Perl Documentation HTTP::Headers(3pm)
NAME
HTTP::Headers - Class encapsulating HTTP Message headers
VERSION
version 7.00
SYNOPSIS
require HTTP::Headers;
$h = HTTP::Headers->new;
$h->header('Content-Type' => 'text/plain'); # set
$ct = $h->header('Content-Type'); # get
$h->remove_header('Content-Type'); # delete
DESCRIPTION
The "HTTP::Headers" class encapsulates HTTP-style message headers. The
headers consist of attribute-value pairs also called fields, which may
be repeated, and which are printed in a particular order. The field
names are cases insensitive.
Instances of this class are usually created as member variables of the
"HTTP::Request" and "HTTP::Response" classes, internal to the library.
The following methods are available:
$h = HTTP::Headers->new
Constructs a new "HTTP::Headers" object. You might pass some
initial attribute-value pairs as parameters to the constructor.
E.g.:
$h = HTTP::Headers->new(
Date => 'Thu, 03 Feb 1994 00:00:00 GMT',
Content_Type => 'text/html; version=3.2',
Content_Base => 'http://www.perl.org/');
The constructor arguments are passed to the "header" method which is
described below.
$h->clone
Returns a copy of this "HTTP::Headers" object.
$h->header( $field )
$h->header( $field => $value )
$h->header( $f1 => $v1, $f2 => $v2, ... )
Get or set the value of one or more header fields. The header field
name ($field) is not case sensitive. To make the life easier for
perl users who wants to avoid quoting before the => operator, you
can use '_' as a replacement for '-' in header names.
The header() method accepts multiple ($field => $value) pairs, which
means that you can update several fields with a single invocation.
The $value argument may be a plain string or a reference to an array
of strings for a multi-valued field. If the $value is provided as
"undef" then the field is removed. If the $value is not given, then
that header field will remain unchanged. In addition to being a
string, $value may be something that stringifies.
The old value (or values) of the last of the header fields is
returned. If no such field exists "undef" will be returned.
A multi-valued field will be returned as separate values in list
context and will be concatenated with ", " as separator in scalar
context. The HTTP spec (RFC 2616) promises that joining multiple
values in this way will not change the semantic of a header field,
but in practice there are cases like old-style Netscape cookies (see
HTTP::Cookies) where "," is used as part of the syntax of a single
field value.
Examples:
$header->header(MIME_Version => '1.0',
User_Agent => 'My-Web-Client/0.01');
$header->header(Accept => "text/html, text/plain, image/*");
$header->header(Accept => [qw(text/html text/plain image/*)]);
@accepts = $header->header('Accept'); # get multiple values
$accepts = $header->header('Accept'); # get values as a single string
$h->push_header( $field => $value )
$h->push_header( $f1 => $v1, $f2 => $v2, ... )
Add a new field value for the specified header field. Previous
values for the same field are retained.
As for the header() method, the field name ($field) is not case
sensitive and '_' can be used as a replacement for '-'.
The $value argument may be a scalar or a reference to a list of
scalars.
$header->push_header(Accept => 'image/jpeg');
$header->push_header(Accept => [map "image/$_", qw(gif png tiff)]);
$h->init_header( $field => $value )
Set the specified header to the given value, but only if no previous
value for that field is set.
The header field name ($field) is not case sensitive and '_' can be
used as a replacement for '-'.
The $value argument may be a scalar or a reference to a list of
scalars.
$h->remove_header( $field, ... )
This function removes the header fields with the specified names.
The header field names ($field) are not case sensitive and '_' can
be used as a replacement for '-'.
The return value is the values of the fields removed. In scalar
context the number of fields removed is returned.
Note that if you pass in multiple field names then it is generally
not possible to tell which of the returned values belonged to which
field.
$h->remove_content_headers
This will remove all the header fields used to describe the content
of a message. All header field names prefixed with "Content-" fall
into this category, as well as "Allow", "Expires" and
"Last-Modified". RFC 2616 denotes these fields as Entity Header
Fields.
The return value is a new "HTTP::Headers" object that contains the
removed headers only.
$h->clear
This will remove all header fields.
$h->header_field_names
Returns the list of distinct names for the fields present in the
header. The field names have case as suggested by HTTP spec, and
the names are returned in the recommended "Good Practice" order.
In scalar context return the number of distinct field names.
$h->scan( \&process_header_field )
Apply a subroutine to each header field in turn. The callback
routine is called with two parameters; the name of the field and a
single value (a string). If a header field is multi-valued, then
the routine is called once for each value. The field name passed to
the callback routine has case as suggested by HTTP spec, and the
headers will be visited in the recommended "Good Practice" order.
Any return values of the callback routine are ignored. The loop can
be broken by raising an exception ("die"), but the caller of scan()
would have to trap the exception itself.
$h->flatten()
Returns the list of pairs of keys and values.
$h->as_string
$h->as_string( $eol )
Return the header fields as a formatted MIME header. Since it
internally uses the "scan" method to build the string, the result
will use case as suggested by HTTP spec, and it will follow
recommended "Good Practice" of ordering the header fields. Long
header values are not folded.
The optional $eol parameter specifies the line ending sequence to
use. The default is "\n". Embedded "\n" characters in header field
values will be substituted with this line ending sequence.
CONVENIENCE METHODS
The most frequently used headers can also be accessed through the
following convenience methods. Most of these methods can both be used
to read and to set the value of a header. The header value is set if
you pass an argument to the method. The old header value is always
returned. If the given header did not exist then "undef" is returned.
Methods that deal with dates/times always convert their value to system
time (seconds since Jan 1, 1970) and they also expect this kind of value
when the header value is set.
$h->date
This header represents the date and time at which the message was
originated. E.g.:
$h->date(time); # set current date
$h->expires
This header gives the date and time after which the entity should be
considered stale.
$h->if_modified_since
$h->if_unmodified_since
These header fields are used to make a request conditional. If the
requested resource has (or has not) been modified since the time
specified in this field, then the server will return a "304 Not
Modified" response instead of the document itself.
$h->last_modified
This header indicates the date and time at which the resource was
last modified. E.g.:
# check if document is more than 1 hour old
if (my $last_mod = $h->last_modified) {
if ($last_mod < time - 60*60) {
...
}
}
$h->content_type
The Content-Type header field indicates the media type of the
message content. E.g.:
$h->content_type('text/html');
The value returned will be converted to lower case, and potential
parameters will be chopped off and returned as a separate value if
in an array context. If there is no such header field, then the
empty string is returned. This makes it safe to do the following:
if ($h->content_type eq 'text/html') {
# we enter this place even if the real header value happens to
# be 'TEXT/HTML; version=3.0'
...
}
$h->content_type_charset
Returns the upper-cased charset specified in the Content-Type
header. In list context return the lower-cased bare content type
followed by the upper-cased charset. Both values will be "undef" if
not specified in the header.
$h->content_is_text
Returns TRUE if the Content-Type header field indicate that the
content is textual.
$h->content_is_html
Returns TRUE if the Content-Type header field indicate that the
content is some kind of HTML (including XHTML). This method can't
be used to set Content-Type.
$h->content_is_xhtml
Returns TRUE if the Content-Type header field indicate that the
content is XHTML. This method can't be used to set Content-Type.
$h->content_is_xml
Returns TRUE if the Content-Type header field indicate that the
content is XML. This method can't be used to set Content-Type.
$h->content_encoding
The Content-Encoding header field is used as a modifier to the media
type. When present, its value indicates what additional encoding
mechanism has been applied to the resource.
$h->content_length
A decimal number indicating the size in bytes of the message
content.
$h->content_language
The natural language(s) of the intended audience for the message
content. The value is one or more language tags as defined by RFC
1766. Eg. "no" for some kind of Norwegian and "en-US" for English
the way it is written in the US.
$h->title
The title of the document. In libwww-perl this header will be
initialized automatically from the <TITLE>...</TITLE> element of
HTML documents. This header is no longer part of the HTTP standard.
$h->user_agent
This header field is used in request messages and contains
information about the user agent originating the request. E.g.:
$h->user_agent('Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 6.0)');
$h->server
The server header field contains information about the software
being used by the originating server program handling the request.
$h->from
This header should contain an Internet e-mail address for the human
user who controls the requesting user agent. The address should be
machine-usable, as defined by RFC822. E.g.:
$h->from('King Kong <king@kong.com>');
This header is no longer part of the HTTP standard.
$h->referer
Used to specify the address (URI) of the document from which the
requested resource address was obtained.
The "Free On-line Dictionary of Computing" as this to say about the
word referer:
<World-Wide Web> A misspelling of "referrer" which
somehow made it into the {HTTP} standard. A given {web
page}'s referer (sic) is the {URL} of whatever web page
contains the link that the user followed to the current
page. Most browsers pass this information as part of a
request.
(1998-10-19)
By popular demand "referrer" exists as an alias for this method so
you can avoid this misspelling in your programs and still send the
right thing on the wire.
When setting the referrer, this method removes the fragment from the
given URI if it is present, as mandated by RFC2616. Note that the
removal does not happen automatically if using the header(),
push_header() or init_header() methods to set the referrer.
$h->www_authenticate
This header must be included as part of a "401 Unauthorized"
response. The field value consist of a challenge that indicates the
authentication scheme and parameters applicable to the requested
URI.
$h->proxy_authenticate
This header must be included in a "407 Proxy Authentication
Required" response.
$h->authorization
$h->proxy_authorization
A user agent that wishes to authenticate itself with a server or a
proxy, may do so by including these headers.
$h->authorization_basic
This method is used to get or set an authorization header that use
the "Basic Authentication Scheme". In array context it will return
two values; the user name and the password. In scalar context it
will return "uname:password" as a single string value.
When used to set the header value, it expects two arguments. E.g.:
$h->authorization_basic($uname, $password);
The method will croak if the $uname contains a colon ':'.
$h->proxy_authorization_basic
Same as authorization_basic() but will set the "Proxy-Authorization"
header instead.
NON-CANONICALIZED FIELD NAMES
The header field name spelling is normally canonicalized including the
'_' to '-' translation. There are some application where this is not
appropriate. Prefixing field names with ':' allow you to force a
specific spelling. For example if you really want a header field name
to show up as "foo_bar" instead of "Foo-Bar", you might set it like
this:
$h->header(":foo_bar" => 1);
These field names are returned with the ':' intact for
$h->header_field_names and the $h->scan callback, but the colons do not
show in $h->as_string.
AUTHOR
Gisle Aas <gisle@activestate.com>
COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE
This software is copyright (c) 1994 by Gisle Aas.
This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
the same terms as the Perl 5 programming language system itself.
perl v5.38.2 2024-10-10 HTTP::Headers(3pm)
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